![]() ![]() ![]() It’s a secure implementation that works on pretty much any device, as long as you’re willing to install an app. Your device and the server need to use the same protocol to talk to one another. There are multiple ways to create a point-to-point VPN tunnel. When it comes to VPN companies, trust no one. Many VPN companies analyze your browsing habits, sell them to advertisers, inject their own ads on non-secure pages, steal your identity, log your internet traffic, share information with law enforcement and more. You’re just moving the risk down the VPN tunnel. Using a VPN doesn’t mean that you’ll be more secure on the internet. That’s why I never recommend using a free VPN service or even paying for an account. It means that your overzealous IT department or the Great Firewall of China can’t block any service.Īnd yet, it also means that the person who operates the server can see all unencrypted traffic. If you want to hide your internet traffic from other people on your local network, you can create a tunnel between your device and a server.Īll your network traffic will go through this connection, and traffic is usually encrypted from one end to the other. But there’s a brand new shiny protocol that promises to be faster and more secure at the same time - WireGuard.īut WTF is a VPN anyway? A VPN is a virtual private network between a device in front of you and a server in a data center. Some of you may have heard about VPN protocols that let you establish a connection between your device and a server, such as OpenVPN and IPsec. ![]()
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![]() Depending on its design goals, a good checksum algorithm usually outputs a significantly different value, even for small changes made to the input. ![]() The procedure which generates this checksum is called a checksum function or checksum algorithm. By themselves, checksums are often used to verify data integrity but are not relied upon to verify data authenticity. Buck, “Check digit calculator”, US Patent 3,451,619, filed 11-9-1967, patented 24-6-1969, assigned to Westinghouse Air Brake Comp.Effect of a typical checksum function (the Unix cksum utility)Ī checksum is a small-sized block of data derived from another block of digital data for the purpose of detecting errors that may have been introduced during its transmission or storage. Verhoeff, “Data checking system”, US Patent 3,448,254, filed 28-7-1965, patented 3-6-1969, assigned to Anker Werke. Verhoeff, “Device for checking a group of symbols.”, US Patent 3,675,202, filed 1-6-1969, patented 4-7-1972, assigned to U.S. Verhoeff, “Error Detecting Decimal Codes”, ( Mathematical Centre Tracts, 29). Rudolf Malý, “Kontrollrechenapparat,” German Patent 244,183, issued 29-4-1911. Leonard C Zitnik, “Check digit computing apparatus”, US Patent 3,033,450, filed 18-12-1959, patented 8-5-1962, assigned to Pure Oil Comp. Luhn, “Computer for verifying numbers,” US Patent 2,950,048, filed 6-1-1954, patented 23-8-1960, assigned to IBM. Barto, “Economie en Techniek van Codes en Code-Condensors,” PhD Thesis TH Delft, 1933. Kähler, “Rudolf Mosse-Code mit Mosse-Condenser,” Rudolf Mosse, Berlin, 1922. It used only modulo 3, probably because it employed hard-wired tables for multiplication and addition.Ī credit card checksum device following the principles of the Controlex was patented in 1962 by the Pure Oil Company (, Figure 5). ![]() Luhn invented a relay-based checking device for calculators. The scale behind this window runs opposite to the chains, so it shows the tens complement of the number entered, which is exactly what is needed when determining the check digit.īefore that, in 1944, Hans P. In that case, no number is entered into the rightmost slot and the digit is read from the small window. The device can also be used to calculate the check digit for an as yet incomplete credit card number. If a correct credit card number is entered, the number in the small window is zero. Similarly, the number 2 in an odd slot corresponds to 1 in an even slot. Where an odd slot shows a 1, an even one shows a 5, so entering a 5 in an even slot is equivalent to entering a 1 in an odd slot. If we number the slots from the right, starting with 1, the even-numbered input slots have a strange digit distribution. It looks like an ordinary chain adder, but it does not have a tens carry and all chains add to the same number in the small window at the far right. Luhn invented a mechanical calculator for this checksum (, Figure 4). ![]() The calculation of a checksum has to be fast and not error-prone, so it is useful to mechanize this calculation. Other telegram condensers do show checksums in the final message, and sometimes even checksums that contain a check digit to check themselves. When decoding an erroneous message an inconsistency occurs between the possible checksums indicated by the encoding scheme and the checksums of the decoded message. The checksums themselves are not part of the final message, so do not increase the transmission costs directly, but they force the encoding to be not the most efficient one. This final encoding is controlled by the checksums. First common words and phrases are expressed in small numbers using a dictionary, then an intermediate checksum is calculated per five 2-digit numbers, and finally the 2-digit numbers are encoded in 2-character codes. The aim of the Mosse Code is to lower the costs of telegrams by reducing their size. This is, for example, the case in the Rudolf Mosse Code Condenser for telegrams. Checksums are not always explicitly visible in the actual number. ![]() ![]() ![]() Community can also be defined as a group of people exhibiting elements of “social interaction, common ties and physical colocation” (Hillery, 1982). As this shows, the term community conjures up many different meanings but the most common one refers to it as a group of people with a shared goal (Ridings & Gefen, 2006). Other members then provide comments and moderation, as well as their own photos of bread stapled to trees. The premise of BST is simple - community members take photos of bread they have stapled to trees and share the photos online through the link aggregation site Reddit. Although often discounted as being based on weak ties, many of these groups, such as the subreddit BST, create a strong sense of community, belonging and social identity. Virtual and physical communities are more alike than they first appear, due to the types of networks employed and developed by participants (Cantoni & Danowski, 2015). Online, or virtual, communities allow for specialised discussions to form around often obscure topics between participants who would not likely meet in the offline world due to geographical constraints or varied social structures. Online communities are sometimes viewed as less significant or ‘real’ than physical communities but these two forms of communities are quite similar in many ways (Langner & Seidel, 2014). However, it should also be acknowledged that virtual communities are not necessarily seen as a replacement for physical communities. The benefits for individuals within this type of community are numerous, including peer support and a sense of belonging. Although focused around an absurd topic, the subreddit Bread Stapled to Trees (BST) is an example of a strong virtual community and displays many characteristics of a traditional offline community including weak ties and strong social identity. This paper investigates the shift of communities from a physical to an online environment (covering both web 1.0 and web 2.0) and argues that virtual and traditional communities are more alike than they first appear, due to the types of networks employed and developed by participants. Heather Westphal on Why we play online games and how it effects our communication with others online and offlineĬonference streams Conference streams Conference Presenter BiographiesĪuthor note: Kim Cousins is PhD student and tutor at Curtin University.Nikhil Dookun on Social media – The Root of Pedophilia in the 21st century? by Nikhil D.Joanne Liew on Celebrities Online Self-Disclosure of Information Reinforces the Parasocial Relationship.Anoorah Bhackaurally on Activism on social media as a public sphere.Tiffany Kennedy on The Community Behind a Game (Overwatch).Activism on social media as a public sphere.Are Muslim Women challenging stereotypes on online communities?.Social media – The Root of Pedophilia in the 21st century? by Nikhil D.Are Online Communities/Networks In Particular Instagram Creating An Unattainable Perception Of An Ideal Identity? By Jake Brown.Search for papers Search for: Recent Posts ![]() ![]() ![]() Suppose that the price of hot dogs changes from $3 to $1, leading to a change in quantity demanded from 80 to 120. P r i c e E l a s t i c i t y o f D e m a n d = ( Q 2 − Q 1 ) / ( P 2 − P 1 ) / Price\quad Elasticity\quad of\quad Demand\quad =\quad \frac P r i ce El a s t i c i t y o f De man d = ( P 2 − P 1 ) / ( Q 2 − Q 1 ) / The arc elasticity is obtained using this formula: The midpoint method uses the midpoint rather than the initial point for calculating percentage change, so it is symmetric with respect to the two prices and quantities demanded. This measure requires just two points for quantity demanded and price to be known it does not require a function for the relationship. The midpoint method calculates the arc elasticity, which is the elasticity of one variable with respect to another between two given points on the demand curve. Two alternative elasticity measures can be used to avoid or minimize the shortcomings of the basic elasticity formula. If the quantity demanded decreases from 15 units to 10 units, the percentage change is -33.3%. For example, when the quantity demanded increases from 10 units to 15 units, the percentage change is 50%. Instead, the percentage change between any two values depends on which is chosen as the starting value. This happens because the price elasticity of demand often varies at different points along the demand curve and because the percentage change is not symmetric. As the difference between the two prices or quantities increases, however, the accuracy of the formula decreases. ![]() The basic formula for the price elasticity of demand (percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price) yields an accurate result when the changes in quantity and price are small. Arc elasticity: The elasticity of one variable with respect to another between two given points.Point elasticity: The measure of the change in quantity demanded to a very small change in price.To calculate the point elasticity, you must have a function for the relationship between price and quantity. The point elasticity captures the change in quantity demanded to a tiny change in price.You do not need to know the function relating price and quantity demanded to use this method. The midpoint method can be used if just two points on the demand curve are known. ![]() The arc elasticity captures the responsiveness of one variable to another between two given points.When changes in price and quantity are big, the arc elasticity or point elasticity formulas provide a more accurate elasticity coefficient than the basic elasticity formula.The consumer may be selecting more luxurious substitutes as a result of the increase in income. This is an inferior good (all other goods are normal goods). Negative income elasticity of demand (YEDZero income elasticity of demand (YED=0): A change in income has no effect on the quantity bought.This is characteristic of a necessary good. Low income elasticity of demand (YEDUnitary income elasticity of demand (YED=1): An increase in income is accompanied by a proportional increase in quantity demanded.This is typical of a luxury or superior good. High income elasticity of demand (YED>1): An increase in income is accompanied by a proportionally larger increase in quantity demanded.Income Elasticity of Demand: Income elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in quantity demanded as income changes. Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand (E A,B) is calculated with the following formula: More specifically, it captures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of one good to a change in price of another good. The cross-price elasticity of demand shows the relationship between two goods or services. substitute: A good with a positive cross elasticity of demand, meaning the good's demand is increased when the price of another is increased.Complement: A good with a negative cross elasticity of demand, meaning the good's demand is increased when the price of another good is decreased.Independent goods have a cross-price elasticity of zero: as the price of one good increases, the demand for the second good is unchanged.Substitute goods have a positive cross-price elasticity: as the price of one good increases, the demand for the other good increases.Complementary goods have a negative cross- price elasticity: as the price of one good increases, the demand for the second good decreases. ![]() ![]() ![]() Influenced by his grandfather’s leftist background, Lil Peep wanted to take capitalism out of the music industry, often giving away many of his clothes and taking care of his friends financially. He wrote angry songs about his father, who left his family when he was young, but he also wrote tenderly about love and wanting to do better. If the documentary starts to feel like a blur, that’s exactly how a member of Lil Peep’s entourage describes the experience of living beside someone who rose and fell so quickly. They’re as obtrusive as someone disrupting a funeral. There are also a few stray moments that feel unnecessary like a performer angrily rebuffing accusations that he had anything to do with Lil Peep’s death. The 911 recording of Lil Peep’s tour manager calling for help plays over photos of the paramedics who couldn’t revive Lil Peep that night, his body on the floor of the tour bus with CPR paddles still attached and his mother crying by her son’s head. There are a few macabre moments at the end of the documentary that threaten the reverent tone of the rest of the movie. Eventually, Lil Peep rallies and saves the show from cancellation, but even this episode wasn’t enough for someone to intervene.Īlso Read: Lil Peep Posthumous Merchandise Line Announced Less Than 2 Weeks After Rapper's Death He slips off into a trance in the first song, even as record label representatives are in the audience and the crowd is singing loud enough to fill in the words he’s forgetting. During one particularly difficult concert, Lil Peep sways because he’s struggling to stand and looks down as if trying to find his balance. Just as quickly, practically in just a matter of a few months, there are shots of the artist snorting coke, stumbling onto the stage, and a photograph of a sink red from blood. There are also a number of scenes from concerts that were the “you had to be there” kind of shows that made Lil Peep the main attraction. The documentary interviews a number of his collaborators and contemporaries from this time to get a sense of these rough-and-tumble days. Eventually, it became obvious Lil Peep was the star of the show. Constantly skirting homelessness or running out of gas money, he organized his friends into a collective who could share rent and play gigs together. Not long after Lil Peep began posting his music to Soundcloud, he and a friend moved to Los Angeles, where he connected with the music scene and found other kindred spirits. The documentary takes on a tragic tone with its somber interview style and accompanying music by Fall Out Boy’s Patrick Stump: Even when former classmates or family members talk about Lil Peep’s childhood, there’s a sadness in the way they’ve been forced into referring to him in the past tense.Īlso Read: Lil Peep's Mother Accuses Late Rapper's Management Team of Negligence and Wrongful Death in Lawsuit It’s as if the documentary is a wake, a chance for people to swap stories and memories while the subject is lying in a coffin in the next room. Who he was remains a semi-veiled mystery, a contradictory figure who prominently tattooed his face but would feel self-conscious about people’s stares. His grandfather reads selections from some of the many letters he sent his grandson, and his sage advice runs through the documentary like a voice-over narration.Īlso Read: Terrence Malick to Executive Produce Documentary on Late Rapper Lil PeepĮven though Lil Peep’s songs, impromptu interviews, and social media posts feature in the documentary fairly prominently, he comes off as an enigma. Compiling many hours of home movies and interviews, Jones and Silyan follow Lil Peep’s rocket-like trajectory to fame mostly in chronological order. Forget 27, the age of many a rockstar who died in an eerily similar fashion - Lil Peep had barely crossed his 21st birthday when he died of an accidental overdose.įor much of “Everybody’s Everything,” Sebastian Jones and Ramez Silyan’s documentary on Lil Peep, the focus is on his life, from his restless childhood growing up in Long Beach, New York, to drifting into music and quick stardom. ![]() Unfortunately, his life would take a too-familiar turn in 2017 when the performer was found unresponsive on his tour bus. To his fans, Gustav was better known as Lil Peep, a rapper and singer who found a following on Soundcloud and, within a few short years, was playing to sold-out crowds. ![]() To his friends and family, Gustav Elijah Ahr was a sensitive, soft-spoken kid who brought joy to those around him and looked after them. ![]() ![]() ![]() Paul says that the end of all things is that they be “gathered together in one in Christ Jesus.” This is the Church, in the end. “Church”, in this usage, is “that which is reconciled.” St. There are boundaries which we describe as “the Church,” but this meaning is being used to specify that which is identified with the fullness of life in Christ. “The Holy Spirit completes that which is lacking,” it is said in our prayers. They become more fully human, more truly what they were created to be. But the person who is Baptized does not somehow become other than what they are. Baptism and Chrismation are indeed required of those coming to Holy Communion, for they are fundamental realities in the medicine of immortality and the path of life God has given us. The Church came into existence when God said, “Let there be light.” The sacraments do not make us to be what we are not, but reveal us to be what we truly are. ![]() I can say “there is no grace outside the Church” only if I also say that everything in all of creation is inside the Church. Only God has existence in and of Himself. If it were not so, they would cease to exist. For His own mysterious reasons, God even sustains the fallen angels by His grace. Since the entire universe is sustained by the grace of God, I can only assume a sort of heresy of secularism by such a statement – the notion that anything can exist apart from God’s grace. I’m always troubled to hear “there is no grace outside the Church.” I can’t fathom what such a statement means. The first is an error about God, the second an error about human beings. Second, there is an equally odious belief that human beings, in their observance of the commandments, are ever righteous enough to actually be compatible with true holiness. It is a scandal whose errors run in two directions.įirst, there is an assumption that God is so displeased with sin that He can have nothing to do with it, or that sin somehow nullifies the work of God. The scandal of the Incarnation, God-becoming-man, is the seeming contradiction of the utterly transcendent God and the particularity and limits of human existence. There are indeed consequences within the canons of the Church, but those consequences do not include an inefficacy of the sacraments. If we are commanded to be holy, surely there are consequences for failure to observe the commandment. It is an easy line of thought to maintain. The debate was largely about those who, under the pressure of persecution, had in any way denied their faith or yielded to the requirements of the pagan state. There was a heresy in the early Church that denied the efficacy of the sacraments if they were performed by sinners. Doubtless, he did (which makes his betrayal all the greater). We are nowhere told that Judas did none of those things. ![]() The 12 apostles cast out demons, healed the sick and cleansed lepers. It was a story about the glory of God and its place and work despite our faults and failures. Nor was it to exonerate the bishop involved and declare him holy. My bishop’s point in sharing the story was not to exonerate the Russian Church from any wrong-doing, or cooperation with wrong-doing. But the undeniable glory of God revealed what his hatred could not see. You might hate the man, and the Church as well. It was an experience that led him into the Orthodox faith. However, he saw the bishop surrounded by light. Nevertheless, he saw an Orthodox procession in the streets of his city one year, a procession that included the Russian bishop (whom he also hated and believed to be a KGB agent). He grew up in the Soviet era and had come to hate all things Russian, including the Orthodox Church. My Archbishop (Alexander Golitzin) shares the story of a young man whom he taught some years ago. ![]() ![]() ![]() As they prefer to fight primarily with ranged weaponry, they tend to rely on alien auxiliaries like the Kroot for close combat. In combat, the T’au rely on ranged combat, using their technology to keep opponents at a distance and using ranged firepower to bring them down. Generally, the T’au have no desire to destroy other species nor their cultures, though they see other cultures’ insistence on individual freedoms as selfish and short-sighted. All T’au strive for Tau’va, or “The Greater Good,” a central philosophy that suggests that each T’au is equal and has a role to play in T’au society. Beneath them are the Fire caste, made of the empire’s warriors, the Earth caste, made of laborers and technicians, the Air caste, who act as messengers and operate the T’au Navy, and the Water caste, made of merchants and diplomats. They preach the doctrine of the Greater Good, and no T’au can refuse an Ethereal’s order. At the top are the Ethereal caste, the religious and political leaders of the T’au. During this time they have brought other races into their coalition, working with the mercenary Kroot, the winged Vespids, the industrious Demiurge, the nomadic Nicassar, and even humans where they are able to convince them to abandon their Imperium. In the time since their technology has rapidly evolved and they have begun to voyage out into the stars, conquering other worlds and building an empire. The Ethereals preached peace and the need to unite to strive for a greater good, and the T’au ceased their internecine wars and began to work together. Ethereals were strange Tau whose words were irresistible to the other T’au. ![]() At some point during these times of warring tribes, the first Ethereals emerged. The T’au during this time were crude and warlike, constantly at battle with each other. They were first discovered by the Adeptus Mechanicus on the galaxy’s eastern fringe in the 35th millennium, at which point they were at what might be described as a stone age level of technological development. The T’au are a relatively very young race in the galaxy, having only come up in the last six thousand years or so. The T’au were also visually different from the rest of the 40k universe, drawing inspiration from Japanese influences, both in terms of how Fire Warrior armor resembles that of samurai, and the battlesuits that resemble the mecha found in Japanese anime. Not being possessed of any psychic ability of their own, they relied on their technology and coordinated action between multiple units acting as one. Originally just called the Tau, the T’au were a stark departure from the lore of the 40k universe where the other races of the 40k universe were paranoid, superstitious, xenophobic, and hateful, the T’au were optimist expansionists working with a coalition of alien races to expand a benevolent empire across the stars. The T’au are the most recent addition to the lore of Warhammer 40,000, first appearing late in the third edition of 40k with a Codex released in 2001. Suited and Krooted – Lupe’s Kroot Method.Joe Tau – Alfredo’s Method for Farsight Enclaves. ![]() ![]() of distributed weight.īK 22’ weighs 50 lbs. Accommodates 6-7 adults or 950-1,050 lbs. Maui Mats- Only sold thru our dealer network Audacity Captures Streaming Audio for Free.Audacity is an easy-to-use audio recorder and editor for computers. So, heres a list of the best the recording apps and audio programs available to help you produce high-quality podcasts. Accommodates 10-11 adults or 1,800-1,980 lbs. 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Lets you delete the duplicate or similar files from the system.Displays a list of files after scanning the system which are safe for deletion.Scans more than one folder to detect the duplicate or similar files.Here are the functions performed by this app. Gemini duplicate finder tool which has been specifically developed for finding duplicate files on your Mac system. The gamification feature offered by this software is very distracting and not as fun as it was intended to be.Causes the Mac fan to run loud due to overuse of system resources.During the system scans, this software takes up a lot of resources from the Mac system.The categorization of files makes it easier to review and delete the duplicates. ![]() Tons of duplicate files on your Mac system can get detected easily.But, if in case your Mac system is running out of storage space, and you want to ensure no storage space is wasted, Gemini 2 is a good investment. PhotoSweeper doesn’t only work with photos, btw, but also videos and PDFs.If you are someone who has brought a brand new Mac system, you do not need to purchase this Gemini duplication software for finding and deleting duplicate files on the system. My brief description of it definitely doesn’t do it justice, so if you’re trying to deduplicate photos I’d recommend checking it out-it’s paid, but they have a quite limited trial that will allow you to see if it’ll work for your use case. One challenge for me was to keep the versions of photos and videos that had the correct creation timestamps, and it made it much easier than any other tool that I’ve tried (it surfaces much more metadata about the photos when reviewing the duplicates). It’s just so much more customizable, plus it can search your entire Apple Photos library in a much better way than Gemini (works with photos not stored on your Mac as long as you’re comparing photos that look like each other, not exactly the same file-but this of course also includes exact replicas), and much more. Not sure how well known it is among the community, so sharing just in case it could help someone out as it did for me. ![]() The good news is that specifically for photo deduplication I’ve found PhotoSweeper to be way better than anything else I’ve come across. If anyone has found a better tool by now, please share! I’ve found that if I compare the relevant subfolders again afterward it finds more duplicates, but that’s quite labor-intensive, and the duplicates may not be located in a similar folder structure anyway. That sucks because it’s pretty poor at finding all duplicates, especially when comparing large folders. The bad news is that I’ve still not found a better general-purpose deduplication tool than Gemini. Sorry for reviving an old thread, but since I’ve been looking for a better alternative to Gemini II lately and have partially succeeded I figured I’d finally join the forum (I’ve been lurking for a while) to share my findings… heic files (I may be wrong, but this newer file format might not be in its coded ability to “see”). Is there a more modern utility than Gemini II? I don’t think it can properly “see” the. … BUT there has to be a way to automate this. jpgs with duplicates and (CTL+selecting the others) grabbing just the intermittent JPGs and deleting them. I spent some time physically highlighting the. It’s not as easy as “sorting by type and deleting a chunk of JPGs” because there are some JPGs in there without a corresponding. This is the mixed and (a little bit) “messed up” Dropbox folder labeled “Camera Uploads.” One failure: It did not tag photos where I have one version as a. … It helped me find and move some duplicate photos & files (not deleting at this moment, because I am uncertain about the files portion…). ![]() |
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